Essay on Faith in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown -- Young Goodman Bro

Faith in Young Goodman Brown  Ã‚        Ã‚   For those who have not studied the Puritans or their beliefs, Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown" is not much more than a story of lost (or maybe just confused) faith. Hawthone, a man of puritan descent, had some oppositions to the ideals that Puritans followed. Some of these ideals are discussed in his "Young Goodman Brown".   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The basic impression that most people have of Puritans "describes them as dour, irascible, self-righteous, hypocritical people who hated sex, joy, and life. They dressed in black, they hated nature, they burned witches, and they repressed all natural desires,". This is the view that influences most people when Puritans appear in literature. We see the stereotypical hatred of the forest (the Devil's playground), the fear of Indians (the Devil's spawn) and the extreme fear of the Devil himself run rampant in "Young Goodman Brown". Hawthorne's description of the forest is very disheartening. "He had taken a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest..." (p 375) This is a rather depressing and f... ... not be so blindly relied upon. However, after a bit more delving, that the story speaks not only of faith and it's hazards, but of the flaws in the puritan system.    1.) Roberts, Trish. Background to the American Puritans.  Ã‚  http://www.missouri.edu/~engpat/purs.html. (accessed 2-1-02) 2.) Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Young Goodman Brown". printed in: A Handbook of Critical  Approaches to Literature: Fourth Edition. Editors Wilfred L. Guerin, Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne C. Reesman, John R. Willingham. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1999.

Coca Cola Organization

The Coca Cola Company, founded in 1886 in Atlanta, the United States, is the world’s largest nonalcoholic beverage company. Coca Cola currently owns and markets more than 500 beverage brands (Anonymous, 2010), including waters, sports and energy drinks, juices, tea and coffee, which are distributed in over 200 countries throughout the world.Along with Coca Cola, the company also owns Sprite, Fanta and Diet Coke, which are four of the world’s top five nonalcoholic beverage brands (Anonymous, 2010). As a company with a history of over 120 years, the Coca Cola Company now has an operating structure with seven operating segments and approximately 139,600 worldwide employees (Anonymous, 2010). Today, Coca Cola has subsidiaries around the world and has developed its own management and distribution system.The relative data and evidences shown in the following analysis will illustrate the effectiveness of the current structure model of Coca Cola and how managers of Coca Cola ap plied the hybrid structure to manage the subsidiaries in different regions efficiently and the strategy of decentralization to reduce the management cost and improve autonomy of these different departments. Furthermore, Coca Cola values its unique organizational culture and has set different mission, vision and values to guide the organization, the segments, and its teams.These invisible forces have been serving as the â€Å"Roadmap† for the company to achieve the long-term goals. In the second part of the report of the company culture, facts and stories mentioned would give examples and interpret how the â€Å"liability of a strong culture† could impact Coca Cola’s competitiveness and why it is so important for Coca Cola to understand customers’ needs in order to introduce more customer-orientated organizational culture rather than outcome-oriented culture. Organizational StructureCoca Cola is a typical complex organization by having seven operative unit s in geographic areas around the world, six functional departments being responsible for different tasks and a diversified labor force from different nations. Additionally, a combined characteristic of Mechanism and Organism is also one of most representative features of complexity. Under this structure, employees can not only improve their performance to the maximum level, but they also help the company expand global market and adapt the changing environment.The Coca Cola Company currently employs approximately 139,600 employees (Anonymous, 2010). According to a general organizational chart stemmed from the company’s website, the division of labor is based on diverse job designs which exist specific rules and regulations to direct employees and managers. There are at least 5 hierarchical levels in the corporate. At each level, for instance, one regional director supervises about 10 subordinates on average; therefore, the span of control is fairly wide.And based on the inform ation of its website, the geographic regions are broken down into the diverse units that are located round the world, which are mainly North America, Middle East, Asia, Europe, Eurasia, Latin America and finally Africa. And then, each subunit has its own organizational structure based on functional departmentalization. For example, in North America, its major departments are marketing, finance, and packaging, sales, and research and development administration.In addition to that, in terms of the division of the authority, originally, the company has a more centralized structure, which the decision is mainly made by a high-level management, and the communication is restricted due to the hierarchy of the authority. However, as Coca Cola encounters uncertain environments when it expands of its business, the organization realizes that it must meet the changing demands of its customers to win their business.Thus, Coca Cola began to push towards decentralization in the nineties and even m ore recently (Fox, 2007), which means that decisions are made on a more local level and communication can spread freely to quickly react to conspicuous market demands. Simultaneously, higher-level management can have the authority to take control of the overall strategies and concentrate on the company’s distal goal. The Coca Coca’s big success is not only due to its continuing effort on producing different beverage, but also its moderate organizational structure plays a salient role.Firstly, because the Coca Cola Company, based on the annual report, has over 400 products, the product structure seems to be too costly and unrealistic to implement. Therefore, the multidivisional structure is an appropriate structure and brings benefit for the company. A significant strength of this structure can allow the company to react to changing and uncertain environments while also maintaining a level of stability. Moreover, the specific decision and strategy can be made by regiona l managers to suit particular situation of one area without triggering some conflicts.For example, when one region wants to conduct a specific marketing promotional strategy which is not be appropriate for another region due to the diverse marketing environment, so decisions about specific marketing tactics are made closer to that region. And thirdly, within each region, the structure is mainly divided based on the functional departmentalization, and undoubtedly, communication among each functional unit’s members is free and efficient because of the same knowledge and expertise. Thus, the work and decision can be done more efficiently.Another big beauty of its structure is the mix of both centralization and decentralization to run the business. According to an article â€Å"Changes in the Organization of Work: An Empirical Assessment† stemmed from a journal of International Conference Proceedings, it concludes that a more decentralized hierarchy improves coordination a nd reduce monitoring costs. And eventually, since employees are guaranteed more flexibility from the workplaces, more job satisfaction can be acquired through more tasks autonomy and responsibilities.As a result, it will lead to complementarily effects, which productivity gains can arise. From this perspective, Coca Cola seems to get benefits from this structure change. On one hand, a centralized structure remained at top level is to help senior managers take control of power and provide a distal goal for the whole organization. On the other hand, pushing decentralization also works well in the local units. Because employees can perform tasks from beginning to the end, they can figure out problems and have opinions through the working process.And, additionally, under the decentralized structure, the communication is freely flowing. Employees are more encouraged to express opinions and provide recommendations for company’s operation at the weekly me eting, and gradually, a par ticipative and communicative environment is formed which leads to employees’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment. An article appeared in Business Europe (Bogomolny, 2004) had the following information: â€Å"According to Jon Chandler, director of communications for Europe, the responsibility for getting it right – and for profit – is firmly at the local level (p. ). † Obviously, productivity increased and company gets the profit in return via this structure. To sum up, it appears that the Coca Cola Company is pursuing for a hybrid structure, which take advantages of both mechanistic and organic structures, while trying to minimize negative effects of each. According to the research above, it seems that the organization works well after all the changes implemented. However, after the in-depth analysis of the organizational structure, one subtle recommendation can be addressed.According to â€Å"Committee on Management and Productivity†, i t is beneficial for all levels of company to put various customers’ needs into consideration when designing organizational structure So although the Coca-Cola possesses a hybrid structure, its structure does not adequately focus on the customer side. In order to delivering the best value to customers, a part of structure needs to serve the customers in terms of dividing them into different generations. The reason for this suggestion is that customers are picky and are facing abundant choices of beverage currently, and they also more care about their health. Jones, 2007) Thus, a more cautious decision will be made by customers while purchasing the beverage. Reasonably, if the Coca-Cola Company should focus more on customers to analyze their preference based on different segments, and provides adequate relevant training which guided the employees to deliver satisfied good and service to customers. Consequently, the company can produce the ideal beverage to reach the expectation of different generation, and may acquire a profitable benefit in return. Organizational CultureOne of the most important building blocks for the high success of the Coca Cola Company is its organizational culture. The culture of the Coca Cola Company is mission-driven: focused on refreshing the mind, inspiring optimism, and making a difference (thecoca-colacompany. com). This durable mission facilitates Coca Cola in creating innovation, people orientation, diversity and an aggressive culture since John Pemberton founded it in 1886. The Coca Cola Company has reached its current strong culture through decades’ effort.Employees share the common values that the company provides leadership, collaboration, integrity, accountability, passion, diversity, and quality (thecoca-colacompany. com). In 2004, the Coca Cola Company came to a reinvigorating stage. E. Neville Isdell was nominated as the new chairman of the board and CEO of the Coca Cola Company. Due to the health and wellness trend, increasing competition in the beverage industry and a series of top leadership changes, Coca Cola had been experiencing hugely decreasing soft drink sales.By engaging in an open dialogue about the company’s values and future development among 150 managers from worldwide divisions, a â€Å"new vision for the sustainable growth† has emerged (Andrew Martin, 2007). This new vision achieved an aggressive marketing strategy by refreshing the coke brand and laid particular stress on advertisement and product development (Andrew Martin, 2007). From the perspective of the dimensions of the culture, Coca Cola wants to be innovative while they are risk-averse. The company becomes more open and flexible since it gives its employees more rights.It remains aggressive at sales. Lastly, after the 2004 change, the company has become stable and gotten rid of its previous dysfunctional status (Andrew Martin, 2007). Ultimately, the company is measured by its stock value, which saw great increases through the rest of 2005 (see graph 1 in Appendix). In general, the current culture of Coca Cola Company is very effective. Based on the theory of organizational culture and effectiveness, a practical organizational culture has four fundamental traits: involvement, consistency, adaptability, and mission (Denision and Mishra, 1995).Two of these traits, involvement and consistency, are indicators of openness, flexibility and responsiveness, and are strong predictors of growth. After the changes in 2004, Coca Cola Company favors increasing face-to-face interaction, providing more constructive feedbacks and generating an ideas sharing atmosphere. All of those improvements and changes allow Coca Cola getting open and flexible. Additionally, due to organization focuses more on the opinions and thoughts from lower level of employees, and grants them power to make their own choices under certain level.The communication and awareness in Coca Cola increase from 65% to 76% (Di anne, 2008). Openness and flexibility contribute significantly to the vision of driving long-term sustainable growth by accelerating innovation and employee’s engagement and satisfaction. The other two traits, consistency and mission, are not only indicators of integration, direction and vision, but also are better predictors of profitability (Denision and Mishra, 1995). The culture of Coca Cola is guided by its enduring mission, which is to be the largest beverage company in the world since it was founded in 1886.This clear objective directs both employers and employees to create values and make differences for organization. Besides, the vision of Coca Cola, which is people, portfolio, profit, partners, planet, profit and productivity, declares that the employees need to achieve sustainable growth and great profits. Overall, the culture in Coca Cola Company properly reflects four traits, and fosters the effectiveness in the whole organization. What is more, both before and a fter the change, the company has been emphasized the aggressiveness on sales for a long time.It is easy to arouse some immoral competitions between the companies and the employees. But after the implementation of the â€Å"manifesto for change† policy (Gordon, 2008), which is aimed to improve environment responsibilities, self-discipline at corporate level and social responsibilities. Therefore, the ethic of the organization has been improved significantly, which makes the Coca Cola Company a better and more stable workplace. However, there are two shortcomings in the current culture. First, the Coca Cola Company has hesitated to reinvest and take risks.In 2005, the Coca Cola Company introduced 2 new products, the Coke Zero and the Diet Coke. Luckily, the Diet Coke took the Pepsi cola’s place and became the No. 2 soda in the US. Unfortunately, the company only improved its product based on its original products. Although Coca Cola has raised the new missions of carryin g out health and fitness, due to its resistance to change and one step slower than Pepsi, it has merely no effect. This is exactly the liability of strong culture—resistance to change. Considering the long run sustainable growth, the company should encourage innovation and all employees’ participation.At first, reduce barriers of information flows within the organization. Managers must make sure that people can access resources whenever they need. Secondly, reward employees for practical ideas. Management should not only provide premium to creativity ideas, but try to find out and stratify employees’ internal needs. Thirdly, participation can always help to overcome resistance to innovation. When employees actually involve into the organization, they would realize some flaws of existing products. And this will stimulate them to get fascinating thoughts and ideas.Lastly, it is necessary to get supports and encouragements from managers. Moreover, company can intro duce new members to speed up the change because new blood can always bring fresh visions into organization. Second, currently, the Coca Cola Company is outcome orientation and aggressive on sales. In order to match with its new culture, the company should better move towards the strong establishment of basic values and assumption. Therefore, the company can turn to other direction and explode a new dimension of culture for a better fit.First of all, pay more attention to the customers and employees by fulfilling the healthy ideas and assumptions penetrated to them level by level and gradually, they can harbor those views to establish a norm which is to chase a healthy lifestyle. Secondly, since the brand has already been highly recognizable, what the company needs to do next is to animate the brand. By taking actions of inventing some rituals and create more stories, it can also set up some employee orientations to share the work experiences and internalize the organization basic as sumptions.Moreover, the company needs to bring in more new members in order to better change the aggressive culture to a friendlier one. In conclusion, it is always difficult for companies to change their business culture, especially for Coca Cola, a large and stable organization with a hundred years of history. In order to keep growing and thriving, Coca Cola should try to look ahead and make internal changes to adapt to the outer environment. In fact, whether introducing new cultures or changing the current culture, managers should first let these values or beliefs infiltrate the organizational members’ minds.Only when these values and beliefs are commonly accepted by the organizational members, can they form a new culture. However, people’s values are hard to change. By increasing communication with employees, rewarding desirable behaviors, encouraging participation and offering necessary support, Coca Cola’s managers can avoid unnecessary losses. Moreover, p roper structure design can benefit large multinational corporations like Coca Cola by allocating resources and assigning personnel more efficiently and effectively.Decentralization of the organization’s structure offers more flexibility to Coca Cola’s local subsidiaries in different regions and can also reduce conflicts between departments. A hybrid structure requires Coca Cola to develop more understanding of customers’ needs, which is the most important force to push the organization forward. Overall, the analysis mentioned above illustrates that a strong business culture should always remain responsive to change, and a well-designed corporate structure is important for the organizational effectiveness. Reference Bogomolny, L. (2004). â€Å"Thirst for change. Canadian Business, Vol. 77 Culhane, D. (2008, February). Blog logs a culture change: Coca-Cola's short-term Blog Blast takes the pulse of employees on key company values. Communication world. Retrieved f rom http://www. entrepreneur. com/tradejournals/article/173021690. html Denison, R. D. , ; Mishra, K. A. (1995). Toward a Theory of Organizational Culture Effectiveness. DOI: 10. 1287/orsc. 6. 2. 204 Fox, A. (2007, November). Refreshing a beverage company’s culture. HR Magazine, Vol. 52, No. 11. Retrieved from http://www. shrm. org/Publications/hrmagazine/PastIssues/2007/Pages/200711. spx Foust, D. (2006, August 7). Queen of pop. BusinessWeek, Retrieved from http://www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/06_32/b3996401. htm Gordon, D. (2010). Manifesto For Change. Retrieved from http://www. scribd. com/doc/24111308/Manifesto-for-Change Macarthur, K. (2004, May 10). Hiring of Isdell is classic Coca-Cola. Advertising Age. 75, 3-68. Martin, A. (May 27, 2007). Coke Struggles to Keep Up With Nimble Rivals. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2007/05/27/business/yourmoney/27coke. html? pagewanted=1;sq;st=nyt;scp=87 Martin, B. Wilcox, S. ; Harris, R. 2000). Committee on Manageme nt and Productivity. Transportation Research Board, NW: Washington, DC. McKay, B. , ; Terhune, C. (2004). Bottled up — behind Coke's CEO travails: A long struggle over strategy; although profits are strong, rivals are gaining cachet; all-star board calls shots; search for a red bull fighter. Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), A1. Radic. D. (2004). An Enterprise Odyssey. International Conference Proceedings. p. I. 27. Solar site index. (2007). Retrieved from http://www. solarnavigator. net/sponsorship/coca_cola_chairman_neville_isdell. tm The Coca Cola Company. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. 123HelpMe. com/view. asp? id=148943. The Coca Cola Company. (2010). Retrieved from: http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/careers/unique_culture. html http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/ourcompany/mission_vision_values. html The Coca Cola Company. (2010). Forward Looking Statements. Retrieved from http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/investors/pdfs/10-K_2010/03_Coca-Cola_Item1. pd f Appendix Chart 1 Quarterly Stock Price Chart (2001-2010) Retrieved from http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/

Body Image Portrayed by the Media Essay - 1078 Words

Through the use of imagery, the display of life-styles, and the reinforcement of values, advertisements are communicators of culturally defined concepts such as success, worth, love, sexuality, popularity, and normalcy. Of particular concern over the past two decades has been excessive use of sexual stereotypes, especially of women. Women are directly affected by this advertising, beyond the mere desire to purchase the product or service described. The influence of the media on people is tremendous, and the effect of advertisements that direct images of beauty, and the perfect slim figure have a harmful effect on a great deal of the worlds population, especially women. The media has portrayed the â€Å"perfect body image† so successfully,†¦show more content†¦Media brings out the conception that women will look and feel like the models. Media makes women feel bad about themselves and it is because of what is being displayed in the media that exemplifies this feeling. According to the American Anorexia/Bulimia Association, an estimated six- percent of American women has eating disorders. Low self-esteem and an unrealistic body image can trigger these eating disorders. A society that allows for such blatant expressions of contempt for women can only expect that women will be victimized. The media must begin to take some responsibility for the images, and the on-going implications of the image, that it presents. When turning the pages of a glossy fashion magazine, women are being invited by the ads and the carefully art-directed spreads to suspend their disbelief. It is hard to remember that the average American womans dress size is sixteen, not six. And the average age is not eighteen. The average working woman doesnt have the resources or the time to devote a narcissistic pursuit of beauty. Models look beautiful for a living. They have hair stylists, makeup artists, wardrobe people, manicurists, and skin care specialists to make them look wonderf ul. Not to mention the best photographers in the world who employ lighting, film stock and every other trick of the trade to enhance their beauty. The end result is so stunning that people forget to ask themselves why we should care who theShow MoreRelatedTodays Unrealistic Body Expectations1311 Words   |  5 Pagesmeasures, most of the time, spending countless hours in the gym trying to achieve that perfect body. Body image is evident in the gym, as the men are lifting weights they are frequently looking in the mirror examining every angle of their body making sure no area is lacking muscle. 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Disaster Management in Nursing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 763 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2018/12/28 Category Nursing Essay Type Assignment Level High school Tags: Health Care Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Johnstone, Turale, S. (2014) states, it is a frightening realization that the Emergency Departments (EDs) have not managed to take care of emergency patients, even on the normal days. This raises the question whether this same departments can manage the large scale disaster. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Disaster Management in Nursing" essay for you Create order In health care setting, the definition of disaster extends far than just an event that injures large number of individuals, to its financial, legal ethical and heath care implications. Critical analysis of these perspectives, as provided in this paper can offer the relevant institutions such as Emergency Nurses Association (ENA), Division of Injury Response (DIR) and National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC) best strategies for disaster management. Personnels Implications While protecting the working personnel comes in as the priority, Johnstone, Turale, S. (2014) notes that many hospitals, almost 70% lack special facilities and equipments for protecting the ED staff. The implication of this is that the ED nurses can fall victims of chemical and biological attack. These authors are also concerned that many of ED personnel are not properly decontaminated before arriving in the disaster scene. The ED personnel are also subject to secondary contamination, after the victims arrive in their health facilities. The secondary risk can be presented if the healthcare providers inhale the contaminated fumes from the exhale of the patients. In another circumstance, which is most probable, the ED personnel gets contaminated from the toxic products carried on the victimshair, clothing or the skin. As Johnstone, Turale, S. (2014) presents the Acute Respiratory Syndrome in China and Sarin attacks in Tokyo as two major examples demonstrating the difficulties in protecting the health professionals, even in small outbreaks. Many health professionals became victims of the two disasters, because of what Redman terms as the lack of adequate equipments and negative pressure rooms. But there is also a major concern that provision of the adequate number of negative pressure rooms and equipments are not the solely strategies, instead, they are just a part of the solution. As Mills states, there must be substantial training in containment, decontamination and more especially the disaster recognition procedures if the we have to protect the ED personnel. Implications to Ethical and Patient Care Redman, Mills Casella (2015) is concerned about the ethical expectations, challenges and their implications to patient care at large. He notes that, many disasters give rise to conflict in ethical expectations. Along this line he presents the evidence from a case of earthquake strike, in Sichuan, China which led to massive loss of about 69, 227 people and 374, 643 injured. From this disaster, it was noted that the triage nurses have limited time to gather all the information required from the patient. This explains why all the emergency departments performed quick assessment and actions based on protocols. As you many understand, but conflicting, the Emergency Nurses Association (ENA) advocates actions to be based on patientspreference. In reference to the above case, the disaster gave rise to one of the most disputed ethical issue in nursing professional that, nurses observed protocols in serving the victims. The implication of this was that some victims, with chances of surviving died while the nurses attend the less injured patients. Since then, the ENA, in their code of ethics, expects the ED nurses to exercise beneficence. This simply means taking an objective view when the conflict exists the patient care. Legal Implications Financial Implications and Reputation of the Hospital As the terrorism cases continues to be witnessed across all the continents, specialized training in the clinical department has been emphasized. This can be confirmed from CDC survey, conducted in the year 2013 indicating that, at least one of the staff have received the above training in all the 49% of the total hospitals. However, only limited studies have focused on the cost of managing disaster in the health care setting. Revisiting the issue specialized training, cost is the major impeding factor when training ED personnel. Almost 61 % of the hospitals, as noted by Redman, Mills Casella (2015) have reported inadequate funding to help ED personnel cover full attendance costs (tuition, time off, travel). For instance, it costs $ 3, 000 per hour to train Nuclear, Chemical and Biological ED personnel in Pittsburgh Medical Centre Reference Johnstone, M. J., Turale, S. (2014). Nurses experiences of ethical preparedness for public health emergencies and healthcare disasters: a systematic review of qualitative evidence.? Nursing health sciences,? 16(1), 67-77 Usher, K., Redman-MacLaren, M. L., Mills, J., West, C., Casella, E., Hapsari, E. D., Amy, Y. Z. (2015). Strengthening and preparing: enhancing nursing research for disaster management.? Nurse education in practice,? 15(1), 68-74. https://www.nap.edu/read/11621/chapter/9#281

The Stata And Hlm Software - 1316 Words

The HSLS data was collected through a stratified two stage sampling process. That is, 944 schools (including public, private, and charter schools) were sampled in the first stage and in the second stage 25, 206 students selected in 50 states in the District of Columbia (Ingels et al., 2011, 2014). There were approximately 27 students selected per school. To cater for the complex sampling, the data include weights (students weights, parent weights, teacher weights, counselor weights, and school weights) that should be used to account for the sampling and non-response at the two stages of the data collecting process. For these reasons STATA and HLM software will be used in the data analysis process because these software can be used with weights and correction of standard error. The HSLS has missing data that has been cleaned and the analysis process made easier because the data includes variables in which imputation methods (weighted sequential hot-deck [WSHD] were used to replace the missing data (see Ingels et al., 2011, 2014). To answer the first research question that examines the trends in (i) algebra achievement, (ii) OTL across the three time points analysis using descriptive statistics to compare differences by race, location, States, SES, and school type will be used and presented using a combination of line graphs and histograms. The algebra achievement used will be the probability of proficiency scores, which is criterion referenced, to show the gains in

The Indus Valley Civilization

Question: Write an essay on The Indus Valley Civilization? Answer: Introduction The Indus Valley Civilization, which is being considered as the largest of all the four ancient civilizations; the Egyptian, the Mesopotamian, the Chinese and the Indian civilization. The size of the Indus Valley Civilization is almost equal to the size of the Western Europe and it covered the area of todays India and Pakistan. The Indus valley civilization is the largest of all the civilizations that are there but the archaeologist have not known much about this civilization, mainly because the scripture of this civilization has still remained un-deciphered by the archaeologists. There was a Rosetta Stone, which was only being deciphered by the archaeologist and most of the scriptures that were there on the potteries and on the seal had remained un-deciphered. Therefore, not much is known about this civilization. Dicussion It was during the period between 1826 and 1838, when the Eastern Indian Railways was laying the railway track between Karachi and Lahore; they accidently used the ruins of this particular civilization. In the year 1912, one seal of the Harappan civilization was discovered by J. Fleet. Therefore, between the year 1921 and 1922 Sir John Hubert Marshall started the excavation campaign and this lead to the discovery of the city of Harappa. Later important Indus cities like Mohenjo-Daro, Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni, and the city of Madho Sarup was later discovered by the archeologiest of the same time that was led by John Marshall. The excavation team include other members like Rakhal Das Banerjee, and E J. H MacKay, who played an important role in the discovery of these other cities of the civilization. The archaeologists have divided the Indus Valley Civilization or the Harappan civilization into three main stages and this include the Early Harappan stage, the Mature and the Late Harappan stage. The archaeologists believe during the 3300 BC to 2800 BC there is the existence of the Early Harappan stage. It is believed that during the Early Harappan stage there was a centralize authority in the civilization. The archaeologists also believe that during this stage the urban quality of life in the Harappan civilization was of very high standard and also of improved quality as well. Along with the establishment of the trade, during this period there was also what is called, the domestication of the crop. The crops that were mainly grown during that period includes different kinds of crops such as, Peas, cotton, dates, sesame seeds and many other important stages. The Harappan civilization, from the Early Harappan stage had move towards the Mature Harappan stage, during the 2600 BC. The particular period saw the rise of the important urban centre of the Indus Valley civilization and this includes the cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Archaeologists believe that during this time almost 1052 urban centres were developed along the side of the river Indus and Ghaggar; the tributaries of these two rivers also saw, the development of these two urban centres. The excavation, of the artefacts of this particular period, made the archaeologist believe that during this time the urban culture was not only technologically advanced but at the same time it was very sophisticated as well. The Harappan civilization has a very well planned sanitation and along with the well planned sanitation there was also well planned sewerage and drainage system at the same time. The presence of the warehouse, dockyards, granaries and the brick platform prove that most o f the people in the Harappan civilization was either tradesman or artisans and they used to dwell with their belongings, in the neighbourhood. Although, the Harappan cities and the other cities in the Indus Valley civilization had some houses, which are bigger than the other houses, but then the number is very low. Hence, it can be said that during the Mature Harappan stage there was a social equality among the people. Today, there has been extensive use of the weights and the measures in the day to day life but in the ancient times it was believed that the Harappan civilization is the first civilization, which had came up with definite weights and measures. There is an approximate number of the smallest division or unit and this approximate number is said to be 1.704 mm. The use of the decimal in the Harappa and the Mohenjo-Daro civilization was used mainly for the practical purpose. The people in the Harappan civilization were scientifically enriched civilization and this was known by looking at the bricks that are found in the ruins of the Harappan civilization. The bricks have the perfect ratio of 4:2:1, and in these civilization only metals like copper, tin was used. Therefore, it is said that the Harappan people, was the first among the ancient people, who used the metallurgy techniques for producing these metals. The figures or rather the figurines that are found in the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, states that the Harappan people used to, worship the Mother Goddess. The archaeologist believes that the Mother Goddess used to signify something that is equality to fertility. Moreover, in the Harappan seals there are a presence of human figure in a yoga posture, who, is surrounded by all the animals. The figure looks similar to the Indian God Pasupati, who is also being surrounded by all the animals. Lord Pasupati too is regarded as the Lord of Creatures. The Late Harappan Civilization had its beginning from the 1800 BC and till the 1700 BC almost all the cities in the Indus civilization was abandoned. Among all the reasons one of the most important reason that is being laid by archaeologists, for the destruction of the Indus Civilization, is climatic change. The experts believe that during this period the climate became cooler and along with it the climate also became drier as well. Not only the climate change was one of the most important reasons for the decline of the civilization, but then the archaeologists also believe that the River Ghaggar and the river Indus too, disappeared from the civilization and thus it is also another reason for the decline and the destruction of the civilization. The destruction and the decline of the Indus Valley civilization has many thoughts related to it and if among them one of the major thought is the natural calamity that forced the people of leave their old settlements and habitation then the other is the myth of Aryan invasion. The word Mohenjo-Daro means Mound of death, and it was named so because of the skeletal that were found in the city of Mohenjo-Daro. Therefore, the archaeologists believe that there had been some violent destruction in the city of Mohenjo-Daro, which lead to the fall of this civilization. If one have a look at the Vedic scriptures and at the Vedic Upanishads, then one will find the destruction of the walled city by Indra, in those scriptures. The archaeologist believe that the walled city is the city of Mohenjo-Daro, that was guarded by the big walls, which were prepared and constructed and prepared under the guidance of the priest in the cities, who hold the position of the highest authority in the Indus Vall ey civilization and they were being given the highest respect during the time. Although, the thoughts may differ, the archaeologists agree in one important point and that is the Harappan people moved from their settlements in a hurry, from around 1900 BC. Therefore, it can be assumed that some great calamity might have forced them to move from the river Ghaggar towards river Yamuna. Some of the Harappan population move towards the Saurashtra, and this include the people from the city of Mohenjo-Daro and also those who used to live along the side of the Sind. The other major population of the Indus civilization, move towards the peninsular and took refuge there. Conclusion The archaeologists believe that it is the city of Mohenjo-Daro, which was violently destructed. They believe that the Aryan invasion was one of the major reasons, for the destruction of the city of Mohenjo-Daro, and they state that the skeletal remnants that are found in the ruins of Mohenjo-Daro prove the fact it was violently destructed. Although, the archaeologist believe that for the destruction of the city of Mohenjo-Daro the Aryan invasion is not responsible. The problem of the Indus Valley civilization is that most of the scriptures of this particular civilization have not been deciphered yet, as a result of which, very little is known about this particular civilization. Although, scholars and the archaeologists have interpreted a lot about this civilization; but then there are not enough prove to justify those thoughts of the scholars and the archaeologist. The Indus Valley civilization still remains one of the most sophisticated and technically sound civilizations, with the presence of great work of art and artefact, and it still remains as a mystery for most of the scholars and the archaeologist. Reference Korisettar, Ravi. "Book Review: Irfan Habib, Prehistory and Irfan Habib, The Indus Civilization."Studies in People's History2, no. 2 (2015): 247-250. Rao, J.S., Bhonsle, B.R. and Kumar, B., 2016. Hindu temple cartsRathams. InEssays on the History of Mechanical Engineering(pp. 367-388). Springer International Publishing. Recchia, Gabriel L., and Max M. Louwerse. "Archaeology Through Computational Linguistics: Inscription Statistics Predict Excavation Sites of Indus Valley Artifacts."Cognitive science(2015). Korisettar, Ravi. "Book Review: Irfan Habib, Prehistory and Irfan Habib, The Indus Civilization."Studies in People's History2, no. 2 (2015): 247-250. Recchia, Gabriel L., and Max M. Louwerse. "Archaeology Through Computational Linguistics: Inscription Statistics Predict Excavation Sites of Indus Valley Artifacts."Cognitive science(2015). Rao, J.S., Bhonsle, B.R. and Kumar, B., 2016. Hindu temple cartsRathams. InEssays on the History of Mechanical Engineering(pp. 367-388). Springer International Publishing.

Adult Scoliosis Research Paper Example

Adult Scoliosis Paper Introduction All spines have curves, but the spine develops curves in the wrong direction sideways. It is natural for the spine to curve forward and backward to a certain degree; giving the spine an S-like shape. When a persons spine twists to develop an S-shaped side-to-side curve, then this condition is known as scoliosis. A 14th century woman who suffered from scoliosis, Limburgs Museum Venlo A scoliosis curve can occur in different areas of the spine. The abnormal curve can occur in the thoracic spine, the lumbar spine, or both areas at the same time. The curves can range from10 degrees to more than 100 degrees. The degree of curvature from the normal is a measure of the severity of scoliosis is. It helps the surgeon decide what treatment to be given. Curves less than 40 degrees will be treated without while curves above this amount might require a surgery. Diagnosis Scoliosis if suspected in an adult, appropriate treatment plan can be developed after a thorough diagnosis. History To make a proper diagnosis and rule out other possible conditions, history of patient is taken in the first step. Family History Scoliosis tends to have a genetic cause. The doctor want to know if anyone else in your family has scoliosis. Date of Onset – Time when first noticed the appearance of your spinal condition. Measured Curve Progression This is be measured by comparing new X-rays with old ones, measuring the rib hump, or changes in height. Presence or Absence of Pain If there is pain, doctor needs to know where and what brings on or induces the pain, and if there is any pain that radiates away from the spine, it usually comes from irritation of the nerves as they leave from the spine. We will write a custom essay sample on Adult Scoliosis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Adult Scoliosis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Adult Scoliosis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Bowel or Bladder Dysfunction If you are having problems when you urinate or have a bowel movement it could signal the presence of serious nerve damage. Physical Exam A physical examination is performed. During the exam, the spine specialist will try get an understanding of the curve in your back and how it is affecting you. The provider will measure the size of the rib hump deformity and the flexibility you have bending in certain directions. Finally, your nerves will be tested by: checking your sensation, your reflexes, and the strength of your muscles. Additional Tests Usually, after the examination, X-rays will be ordered that allow the provider to see the structure of the spine and measure the curve. With scoliosis the following images may be taken: Front view, Lateral view and Lateral bend and Traction films Depending on the outcome of your history, physical examination and initial X-rays, other tests may be taken to look at specific aspects of the spine. The most common tests that are ordered are: the MRI scan to look at the nerves and spinal cord; the CAT scan to get a better picture of the vertebral bones; and special nerve tests to determine if any nerves are being irritated or pinched. Treatment for Adult Scoliosis Adult scoliosis has a variety of treatment options. The first choice of treatment for adult scoliosis is always going to be conservative. Spinal surgery will always be the last choice of treatment due to the risks involved. Conservative treatment that is commonly recommended includes: medications, exercise, and certain types of braces to support the spine. Physical Therapy Exercise and Physical therapy is an important part of treating adult scoliosis. A well-designed exercise program can also provide pain relief in many patients. A physical therapist will develop an appropriate exercise routine for your case. It is essential that you stick to the plan. Surgery Surgery for adult scoliosis carries relatively high risks. For this reason, surgery is only recommended when the risks are far outweighed by the expected benefits. Surgery will not be recommended for most cases of scoliosis, particularly in curves of less than 40 degrees. Surgery may be recommended in the following situations: * Pain The most common reason for surgery is pain relief for increasing, chronic discomfort. About 85 percent of adult scoliosis surgeries are done to relieve severe pain. * Progression of Curve Progression of the scoliosis deformity is another reason for considering surgery. If the curvature continues to worsen, and it gets beyond 40 to 45 degrees, surgery may be suggested. * Cosmetics In most cases of scoliosis, surgery will not be recommended simply for the sake of appearances. However, in some cases, the scoliosis causes physical deformity that is unbearable to the patient. Possible Complications/Problems with Surgery. There is a risk of complications with any surgery. When surgery is done near the spine and spinal cord these complications if they occur can be very serious. Complications could involve subsequent pain and impairment and the need for additional surgery. Doctor can evaluate your condition and inform you of the risks of any medical treatment he or she may recommend. In addition, the surgical treatment of adult scoliosis may result in two special complications: Flat-back Deformity The lumbar (lower) spine naturally has a C-shaped curve called lordosis. When the vertebrae in the lumbar spine are fused together, this lordosis curve may be lost, leaving the patient with a flat-back deformity. However, the loss of curve may not appear right after surgery. In fact, if the surgery it is done in a young person, the loss of lordosis may not appear until sometime between the ages of 30 to 50. Pseudoarthrosis The term pseudoarthrosis means false joint. A surgeon uses this term to describe either a fractured bone that has not healed or an attempted fusion that has not been successful. A pseudoarthrosis usually means that there is motion between the two bones that should be healed, or fused, together. When the vertebrae involved in a surgical fusion do not heal and fuse together, there is usually continued pain. The pain may increase over time. The spinal motion can also stress the metal hardware used to hold the fusion. The screws and rods may break, leading to an increase in pain. A pseudoarthrosis may require more surgery to try to get the bones to heal. Surgeons may add more bone graft, replace the metal hardware, or add an electrical stimulator to try to get the fusion to heal. Conclusion Journal of the American Medical Association (2003) published a 50-year follow-up study in the lifelong physical health, including cardiopulmonary and neurological functions and mental health of idiopathic scoliosis patients are comparable to those of the general population. Larger curves carry a higher risk of progression than smaller curves, and thoracic and double primary curves carry a higher risk of progression than single lumbar or thoracolumbar curves. In addition, patients not having yet reached skeletal maturity have a higher likelihood of progression. Females have a greater risk of progression. References 1. Adult Scoliosis | University of Maryland Medical centre http://umm. edu/programs/spine/health/guides/adult-scoliosis#ixzz2eJF7wEMP 2. Weiss HR, Scoliosis-related pain in adults: Treatment influences, European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 3/3 (1993): 91–94. 3. Scoliosis Research Society website Prepared and submitted to FRS Training Centre by Biju John Tutor: Anita Greene.