Disaster Management in Nursing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 763 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2018/12/28 Category Nursing Essay Type Assignment Level High school Tags: Health Care Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Johnstone, Turale, S. (2014) states, it is a frightening realization that the Emergency Departments (EDs) have not managed to take care of emergency patients, even on the normal days. This raises the question whether this same departments can manage the large scale disaster. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Disaster Management in Nursing" essay for you Create order In health care setting, the definition of disaster extends far than just an event that injures large number of individuals, to its financial, legal ethical and heath care implications. Critical analysis of these perspectives, as provided in this paper can offer the relevant institutions such as Emergency Nurses Association (ENA), Division of Injury Response (DIR) and National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC) best strategies for disaster management. Personnels Implications While protecting the working personnel comes in as the priority, Johnstone, Turale, S. (2014) notes that many hospitals, almost 70% lack special facilities and equipments for protecting the ED staff. The implication of this is that the ED nurses can fall victims of chemical and biological attack. These authors are also concerned that many of ED personnel are not properly decontaminated before arriving in the disaster scene. The ED personnel are also subject to secondary contamination, after the victims arrive in their health facilities. The secondary risk can be presented if the healthcare providers inhale the contaminated fumes from the exhale of the patients. In another circumstance, which is most probable, the ED personnel gets contaminated from the toxic products carried on the victimshair, clothing or the skin. As Johnstone, Turale, S. (2014) presents the Acute Respiratory Syndrome in China and Sarin attacks in Tokyo as two major examples demonstrating the difficulties in protecting the health professionals, even in small outbreaks. Many health professionals became victims of the two disasters, because of what Redman terms as the lack of adequate equipments and negative pressure rooms. But there is also a major concern that provision of the adequate number of negative pressure rooms and equipments are not the solely strategies, instead, they are just a part of the solution. As Mills states, there must be substantial training in containment, decontamination and more especially the disaster recognition procedures if the we have to protect the ED personnel. Implications to Ethical and Patient Care Redman, Mills Casella (2015) is concerned about the ethical expectations, challenges and their implications to patient care at large. He notes that, many disasters give rise to conflict in ethical expectations. Along this line he presents the evidence from a case of earthquake strike, in Sichuan, China which led to massive loss of about 69, 227 people and 374, 643 injured. From this disaster, it was noted that the triage nurses have limited time to gather all the information required from the patient. This explains why all the emergency departments performed quick assessment and actions based on protocols. As you many understand, but conflicting, the Emergency Nurses Association (ENA) advocates actions to be based on patientspreference. In reference to the above case, the disaster gave rise to one of the most disputed ethical issue in nursing professional that, nurses observed protocols in serving the victims. The implication of this was that some victims, with chances of surviving died while the nurses attend the less injured patients. Since then, the ENA, in their code of ethics, expects the ED nurses to exercise beneficence. This simply means taking an objective view when the conflict exists the patient care. Legal Implications Financial Implications and Reputation of the Hospital As the terrorism cases continues to be witnessed across all the continents, specialized training in the clinical department has been emphasized. This can be confirmed from CDC survey, conducted in the year 2013 indicating that, at least one of the staff have received the above training in all the 49% of the total hospitals. However, only limited studies have focused on the cost of managing disaster in the health care setting. Revisiting the issue specialized training, cost is the major impeding factor when training ED personnel. Almost 61 % of the hospitals, as noted by Redman, Mills Casella (2015) have reported inadequate funding to help ED personnel cover full attendance costs (tuition, time off, travel). For instance, it costs $ 3, 000 per hour to train Nuclear, Chemical and Biological ED personnel in Pittsburgh Medical Centre Reference Johnstone, M. J., Turale, S. (2014). Nurses experiences of ethical preparedness for public health emergencies and healthcare disasters: a systematic review of qualitative evidence.? Nursing health sciences,? 16(1), 67-77 Usher, K., Redman-MacLaren, M. L., Mills, J., West, C., Casella, E., Hapsari, E. D., Amy, Y. Z. (2015). Strengthening and preparing: enhancing nursing research for disaster management.? Nurse education in practice,? 15(1), 68-74. https://www.nap.edu/read/11621/chapter/9#281

The Stata And Hlm Software - 1316 Words

The HSLS data was collected through a stratified two stage sampling process. That is, 944 schools (including public, private, and charter schools) were sampled in the first stage and in the second stage 25, 206 students selected in 50 states in the District of Columbia (Ingels et al., 2011, 2014). There were approximately 27 students selected per school. To cater for the complex sampling, the data include weights (students weights, parent weights, teacher weights, counselor weights, and school weights) that should be used to account for the sampling and non-response at the two stages of the data collecting process. For these reasons STATA and HLM software will be used in the data analysis process because these software can be used with weights and correction of standard error. The HSLS has missing data that has been cleaned and the analysis process made easier because the data includes variables in which imputation methods (weighted sequential hot-deck [WSHD] were used to replace the missing data (see Ingels et al., 2011, 2014). To answer the first research question that examines the trends in (i) algebra achievement, (ii) OTL across the three time points analysis using descriptive statistics to compare differences by race, location, States, SES, and school type will be used and presented using a combination of line graphs and histograms. The algebra achievement used will be the probability of proficiency scores, which is criterion referenced, to show the gains in

The Indus Valley Civilization

Question: Write an essay on The Indus Valley Civilization? Answer: Introduction The Indus Valley Civilization, which is being considered as the largest of all the four ancient civilizations; the Egyptian, the Mesopotamian, the Chinese and the Indian civilization. The size of the Indus Valley Civilization is almost equal to the size of the Western Europe and it covered the area of todays India and Pakistan. The Indus valley civilization is the largest of all the civilizations that are there but the archaeologist have not known much about this civilization, mainly because the scripture of this civilization has still remained un-deciphered by the archaeologists. There was a Rosetta Stone, which was only being deciphered by the archaeologist and most of the scriptures that were there on the potteries and on the seal had remained un-deciphered. Therefore, not much is known about this civilization. Dicussion It was during the period between 1826 and 1838, when the Eastern Indian Railways was laying the railway track between Karachi and Lahore; they accidently used the ruins of this particular civilization. In the year 1912, one seal of the Harappan civilization was discovered by J. Fleet. Therefore, between the year 1921 and 1922 Sir John Hubert Marshall started the excavation campaign and this lead to the discovery of the city of Harappa. Later important Indus cities like Mohenjo-Daro, Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni, and the city of Madho Sarup was later discovered by the archeologiest of the same time that was led by John Marshall. The excavation team include other members like Rakhal Das Banerjee, and E J. H MacKay, who played an important role in the discovery of these other cities of the civilization. The archaeologists have divided the Indus Valley Civilization or the Harappan civilization into three main stages and this include the Early Harappan stage, the Mature and the Late Harappan stage. The archaeologists believe during the 3300 BC to 2800 BC there is the existence of the Early Harappan stage. It is believed that during the Early Harappan stage there was a centralize authority in the civilization. The archaeologists also believe that during this stage the urban quality of life in the Harappan civilization was of very high standard and also of improved quality as well. Along with the establishment of the trade, during this period there was also what is called, the domestication of the crop. The crops that were mainly grown during that period includes different kinds of crops such as, Peas, cotton, dates, sesame seeds and many other important stages. The Harappan civilization, from the Early Harappan stage had move towards the Mature Harappan stage, during the 2600 BC. The particular period saw the rise of the important urban centre of the Indus Valley civilization and this includes the cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Archaeologists believe that during this time almost 1052 urban centres were developed along the side of the river Indus and Ghaggar; the tributaries of these two rivers also saw, the development of these two urban centres. The excavation, of the artefacts of this particular period, made the archaeologist believe that during this time the urban culture was not only technologically advanced but at the same time it was very sophisticated as well. The Harappan civilization has a very well planned sanitation and along with the well planned sanitation there was also well planned sewerage and drainage system at the same time. The presence of the warehouse, dockyards, granaries and the brick platform prove that most o f the people in the Harappan civilization was either tradesman or artisans and they used to dwell with their belongings, in the neighbourhood. Although, the Harappan cities and the other cities in the Indus Valley civilization had some houses, which are bigger than the other houses, but then the number is very low. Hence, it can be said that during the Mature Harappan stage there was a social equality among the people. Today, there has been extensive use of the weights and the measures in the day to day life but in the ancient times it was believed that the Harappan civilization is the first civilization, which had came up with definite weights and measures. There is an approximate number of the smallest division or unit and this approximate number is said to be 1.704 mm. The use of the decimal in the Harappa and the Mohenjo-Daro civilization was used mainly for the practical purpose. The people in the Harappan civilization were scientifically enriched civilization and this was known by looking at the bricks that are found in the ruins of the Harappan civilization. The bricks have the perfect ratio of 4:2:1, and in these civilization only metals like copper, tin was used. Therefore, it is said that the Harappan people, was the first among the ancient people, who used the metallurgy techniques for producing these metals. The figures or rather the figurines that are found in the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, states that the Harappan people used to, worship the Mother Goddess. The archaeologist believes that the Mother Goddess used to signify something that is equality to fertility. Moreover, in the Harappan seals there are a presence of human figure in a yoga posture, who, is surrounded by all the animals. The figure looks similar to the Indian God Pasupati, who is also being surrounded by all the animals. Lord Pasupati too is regarded as the Lord of Creatures. The Late Harappan Civilization had its beginning from the 1800 BC and till the 1700 BC almost all the cities in the Indus civilization was abandoned. Among all the reasons one of the most important reason that is being laid by archaeologists, for the destruction of the Indus Civilization, is climatic change. The experts believe that during this period the climate became cooler and along with it the climate also became drier as well. Not only the climate change was one of the most important reasons for the decline of the civilization, but then the archaeologists also believe that the River Ghaggar and the river Indus too, disappeared from the civilization and thus it is also another reason for the decline and the destruction of the civilization. The destruction and the decline of the Indus Valley civilization has many thoughts related to it and if among them one of the major thought is the natural calamity that forced the people of leave their old settlements and habitation then the other is the myth of Aryan invasion. The word Mohenjo-Daro means Mound of death, and it was named so because of the skeletal that were found in the city of Mohenjo-Daro. Therefore, the archaeologists believe that there had been some violent destruction in the city of Mohenjo-Daro, which lead to the fall of this civilization. If one have a look at the Vedic scriptures and at the Vedic Upanishads, then one will find the destruction of the walled city by Indra, in those scriptures. The archaeologist believe that the walled city is the city of Mohenjo-Daro, that was guarded by the big walls, which were prepared and constructed and prepared under the guidance of the priest in the cities, who hold the position of the highest authority in the Indus Vall ey civilization and they were being given the highest respect during the time. Although, the thoughts may differ, the archaeologists agree in one important point and that is the Harappan people moved from their settlements in a hurry, from around 1900 BC. Therefore, it can be assumed that some great calamity might have forced them to move from the river Ghaggar towards river Yamuna. Some of the Harappan population move towards the Saurashtra, and this include the people from the city of Mohenjo-Daro and also those who used to live along the side of the Sind. The other major population of the Indus civilization, move towards the peninsular and took refuge there. Conclusion The archaeologists believe that it is the city of Mohenjo-Daro, which was violently destructed. They believe that the Aryan invasion was one of the major reasons, for the destruction of the city of Mohenjo-Daro, and they state that the skeletal remnants that are found in the ruins of Mohenjo-Daro prove the fact it was violently destructed. Although, the archaeologist believe that for the destruction of the city of Mohenjo-Daro the Aryan invasion is not responsible. The problem of the Indus Valley civilization is that most of the scriptures of this particular civilization have not been deciphered yet, as a result of which, very little is known about this particular civilization. Although, scholars and the archaeologists have interpreted a lot about this civilization; but then there are not enough prove to justify those thoughts of the scholars and the archaeologist. The Indus Valley civilization still remains one of the most sophisticated and technically sound civilizations, with the presence of great work of art and artefact, and it still remains as a mystery for most of the scholars and the archaeologist. Reference Korisettar, Ravi. "Book Review: Irfan Habib, Prehistory and Irfan Habib, The Indus Civilization."Studies in People's History2, no. 2 (2015): 247-250. Rao, J.S., Bhonsle, B.R. and Kumar, B., 2016. Hindu temple cartsRathams. InEssays on the History of Mechanical Engineering(pp. 367-388). Springer International Publishing. Recchia, Gabriel L., and Max M. Louwerse. "Archaeology Through Computational Linguistics: Inscription Statistics Predict Excavation Sites of Indus Valley Artifacts."Cognitive science(2015). Korisettar, Ravi. "Book Review: Irfan Habib, Prehistory and Irfan Habib, The Indus Civilization."Studies in People's History2, no. 2 (2015): 247-250. Recchia, Gabriel L., and Max M. Louwerse. "Archaeology Through Computational Linguistics: Inscription Statistics Predict Excavation Sites of Indus Valley Artifacts."Cognitive science(2015). Rao, J.S., Bhonsle, B.R. and Kumar, B., 2016. Hindu temple cartsRathams. InEssays on the History of Mechanical Engineering(pp. 367-388). Springer International Publishing.

Adult Scoliosis Research Paper Example

Adult Scoliosis Paper Introduction All spines have curves, but the spine develops curves in the wrong direction sideways. It is natural for the spine to curve forward and backward to a certain degree; giving the spine an S-like shape. When a persons spine twists to develop an S-shaped side-to-side curve, then this condition is known as scoliosis. A 14th century woman who suffered from scoliosis, Limburgs Museum Venlo A scoliosis curve can occur in different areas of the spine. The abnormal curve can occur in the thoracic spine, the lumbar spine, or both areas at the same time. The curves can range from10 degrees to more than 100 degrees. The degree of curvature from the normal is a measure of the severity of scoliosis is. It helps the surgeon decide what treatment to be given. Curves less than 40 degrees will be treated without while curves above this amount might require a surgery. Diagnosis Scoliosis if suspected in an adult, appropriate treatment plan can be developed after a thorough diagnosis. History To make a proper diagnosis and rule out other possible conditions, history of patient is taken in the first step. Family History Scoliosis tends to have a genetic cause. The doctor want to know if anyone else in your family has scoliosis. Date of Onset – Time when first noticed the appearance of your spinal condition. Measured Curve Progression This is be measured by comparing new X-rays with old ones, measuring the rib hump, or changes in height. Presence or Absence of Pain If there is pain, doctor needs to know where and what brings on or induces the pain, and if there is any pain that radiates away from the spine, it usually comes from irritation of the nerves as they leave from the spine. We will write a custom essay sample on Adult Scoliosis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Adult Scoliosis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Adult Scoliosis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Bowel or Bladder Dysfunction If you are having problems when you urinate or have a bowel movement it could signal the presence of serious nerve damage. Physical Exam A physical examination is performed. During the exam, the spine specialist will try get an understanding of the curve in your back and how it is affecting you. The provider will measure the size of the rib hump deformity and the flexibility you have bending in certain directions. Finally, your nerves will be tested by: checking your sensation, your reflexes, and the strength of your muscles. Additional Tests Usually, after the examination, X-rays will be ordered that allow the provider to see the structure of the spine and measure the curve. With scoliosis the following images may be taken: Front view, Lateral view and Lateral bend and Traction films Depending on the outcome of your history, physical examination and initial X-rays, other tests may be taken to look at specific aspects of the spine. The most common tests that are ordered are: the MRI scan to look at the nerves and spinal cord; the CAT scan to get a better picture of the vertebral bones; and special nerve tests to determine if any nerves are being irritated or pinched. Treatment for Adult Scoliosis Adult scoliosis has a variety of treatment options. The first choice of treatment for adult scoliosis is always going to be conservative. Spinal surgery will always be the last choice of treatment due to the risks involved. Conservative treatment that is commonly recommended includes: medications, exercise, and certain types of braces to support the spine. Physical Therapy Exercise and Physical therapy is an important part of treating adult scoliosis. A well-designed exercise program can also provide pain relief in many patients. A physical therapist will develop an appropriate exercise routine for your case. It is essential that you stick to the plan. Surgery Surgery for adult scoliosis carries relatively high risks. For this reason, surgery is only recommended when the risks are far outweighed by the expected benefits. Surgery will not be recommended for most cases of scoliosis, particularly in curves of less than 40 degrees. Surgery may be recommended in the following situations: * Pain The most common reason for surgery is pain relief for increasing, chronic discomfort. About 85 percent of adult scoliosis surgeries are done to relieve severe pain. * Progression of Curve Progression of the scoliosis deformity is another reason for considering surgery. If the curvature continues to worsen, and it gets beyond 40 to 45 degrees, surgery may be suggested. * Cosmetics In most cases of scoliosis, surgery will not be recommended simply for the sake of appearances. However, in some cases, the scoliosis causes physical deformity that is unbearable to the patient. Possible Complications/Problems with Surgery. There is a risk of complications with any surgery. When surgery is done near the spine and spinal cord these complications if they occur can be very serious. Complications could involve subsequent pain and impairment and the need for additional surgery. Doctor can evaluate your condition and inform you of the risks of any medical treatment he or she may recommend. In addition, the surgical treatment of adult scoliosis may result in two special complications: Flat-back Deformity The lumbar (lower) spine naturally has a C-shaped curve called lordosis. When the vertebrae in the lumbar spine are fused together, this lordosis curve may be lost, leaving the patient with a flat-back deformity. However, the loss of curve may not appear right after surgery. In fact, if the surgery it is done in a young person, the loss of lordosis may not appear until sometime between the ages of 30 to 50. Pseudoarthrosis The term pseudoarthrosis means false joint. A surgeon uses this term to describe either a fractured bone that has not healed or an attempted fusion that has not been successful. A pseudoarthrosis usually means that there is motion between the two bones that should be healed, or fused, together. When the vertebrae involved in a surgical fusion do not heal and fuse together, there is usually continued pain. The pain may increase over time. The spinal motion can also stress the metal hardware used to hold the fusion. The screws and rods may break, leading to an increase in pain. A pseudoarthrosis may require more surgery to try to get the bones to heal. Surgeons may add more bone graft, replace the metal hardware, or add an electrical stimulator to try to get the fusion to heal. Conclusion Journal of the American Medical Association (2003) published a 50-year follow-up study in the lifelong physical health, including cardiopulmonary and neurological functions and mental health of idiopathic scoliosis patients are comparable to those of the general population. Larger curves carry a higher risk of progression than smaller curves, and thoracic and double primary curves carry a higher risk of progression than single lumbar or thoracolumbar curves. In addition, patients not having yet reached skeletal maturity have a higher likelihood of progression. Females have a greater risk of progression. References 1. Adult Scoliosis | University of Maryland Medical centre http://umm. edu/programs/spine/health/guides/adult-scoliosis#ixzz2eJF7wEMP 2. Weiss HR, Scoliosis-related pain in adults: Treatment influences, European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 3/3 (1993): 91–94. 3. Scoliosis Research Society website Prepared and submitted to FRS Training Centre by Biju John Tutor: Anita Greene.